Indicator 5.c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment

Indicator 5.c.1: Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment

Target 5.c: Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) in collaboration with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Definitions:

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 5.c.1 seeks to measure government efforts to track budget allocations for gender equality throughout the public finance management cycle and to make these publicly available. This is an indicator of the characteristics of the fiscal system. It is not an indicator of the quantity or quality of finance allocated for gender equality and women’s empowerment (GEWE). The indicator measures three criteria. The first focuses on the intent of a government to address GEWE by identifying if it has programs/policies and resource allocations for GEWE. The second assesses if a government has planning and budget tools to track resources for GEWE throughout the public financial management cycle. The third focuses on transparency by identifying if a government has provisions to make allocations for GEWE publicly available.

The indicator aims to encourage national governments to develop appropriate budget tracking and monitoring systems and commit to making information about allocations for gender equality readily available to the public. The system should be led by the Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the sectoral ministries and National Women’s Machineries and overseen by an appropriate body such as Parliament or Public Auditors.

Concepts:

To determine if a country has a system to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment, the following questionnaire is sent to its Ministry of Finance, or agency in charge of the government budget:

Criterion 1. Which of the following aspects of public expenditure are reflected in your government programs and its resource allocations? (In the last completed fiscal year)

Question 1.1. Are there policies and/or programs of the government designed to address well-identified gender equality goals, including those where gender equality is not the primary objective (such as public services, social protection, and infrastructure) but incorporates action to close gender gaps? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 1.2. Do these policies and/or programs have adequate resources allocated within the budget, sufficient to meet both their general objectives and their gender equality goals? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 1.3. Are there procedures in place to ensure that these resources are executed according to the budget? (Yes=1/No=0)

Criterion 2. To what extent does your Public Financial Management system promote gender-related or gender-responsive goals? (In the last completed fiscal year)

Question 2.1. Does the Ministry of Finance/budget office issue call circulars, or other such directives, that provide specific guidance on gender-responsive budget allocations? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 2.2. Are key policies and programs, proposed for inclusion in the budget, subject to an ex-ante gender impact assessment? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 2.3. Are sex-disaggregated statistics and data used across key policies and programs in a way which can inform budget-related policy decisions? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 2.4. Does the government provide, in the context of the budget, a clear statement of gender-related objectives (i.e. gender budget statement or gender responsive budget legislation)? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 2.5. Are budgetary allocations subject to “tagging” including by functional classifiers, to identify their linkage to gender-equality objectives? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 2.6. Are key policies and programs subject to ex-post gender impact assessment? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 2.7. Is the budget as a whole subject to independent audit to assess the extent to which it promotes gender-responsive policies? (Yes=1/No=0)

Criterion 3. Are allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment made public? (In the last completed fiscal year)

Question 3.1. Is the data on gender equality allocations published? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 3.2. If published, has this data been published in an accessible manner on the Ministry of Finance (or office responsible for budget) website and/or related official bulletins or public notices? (Yes=1/No=0)

Question 3.3. If so, has the data on gender equality allocations been published in a timely manner? (Yes=1/No=0)

Concept Definitions:

For Criterion 1:

• “Programs or policies of the government, that are designed to address well-identified gender equality goals” can be defined as:
  • Programs or policies that specifically target only women and/or girls. For example, a government program that provides scholarships for girls only, or a prenatal care program, or a National Action Plan on Gender Equality; or
  • Programs or policies that target both women or girls and men or boys and have gender equality as the primary objective. For example, a national public information campaign against gender violence, or on-the-job training programs on gender equality; or
  • Programs or policies where gender equality is not the primary objective, but the program includes action to close gender gaps. These programs could include the provision of infrastructure, public services, and social protection. For example, an infrastructure program that has a provision for using women’s labour, or a public transportation program that takes into consideration the mobility needs of women in its design.
• “Programs or policies have adequate resources allocated within the budget, sufficient to meet both their general objectives and their gender equality goals” can be defined as:
  • The programs or policies that are designed to address well-identified gender equality goals are allocated sufficient resources to cover the costs of meeting those goals from funding that is included in the budget rather than from off-budget sources.
• “Procedures in place to ensure that these resources are executed according to the budget” can be defined as:
  • There are procedures established in laws or regulations so that resources for programs or policies that are designed to address well-identified gender equality goals are executed as specified in the budget or if there are deviations in the exercise from the budgeted allocations, government agencies must justify to a supervising entity (e.g. ministries of finance, parliaments, audit bodies, or other relevant authorities) the reason for not executing resources according to budget.

For Criterion 2:

• “Call circulars” can be defined as:
  • Call circulars are the official notices that are issued by the Ministry of Finance or Budget Office in a country towards the beginning of each annual budget cycle. The circular instructs government agencies how they must submit their bids or demands for budget allocations for the coming year (in some countries the notice may have another name, such as budget guidelines or Treasury guidelines). It may inform each agency what its budget “ceiling” for the next fiscal year.^[1]
• “Key programs and policies” can be defined as:
  • Programs or policies of the government, that are designed to address well-identified gender equality goals (as identified in Criterion 1).
• “Ex-ante gender impact assessment” can be defined as:
  • Assessing individual resource allocations, in advance of their inclusion in the budget, specifically for their impact on gender equality.^[2] For example, before its inclusion in the budget, there is an estimate of how a conditional cash transfer program will impact school attendance of girls.
• “Sex-disaggregated statistics and data are available in a systematic manner across all key programs and policies” can be defined as:
  • There is routine availability of gender-specific data sets and statistics that would greatly facilitate the evidential basis for the identification of gender equality gaps, design of policy interventions, and the evaluation of impacts.^[3]
• “Gender budget statements” can be defined as:
  • A document that, either as part of the budget documentation or separately, provides a clear statement of gender-related goals. It is a document produced by a government agency, usually, the Ministry of Finance or Budget Office, to show what its programs and budgets are doing in respect of gender. It is generally prepared after government agencies have completed the process of drawing up the budget and allocating resources to different programs in response to the annual call circular.^[4]
• “Functional classifiers” can be defined as^[5]:
  • Categorization of expenditure according to the purposes and objectives for which they are intended. A functional classifier on gender would identify expenditure that goes to programs or activities that address gender issues.
• “Ex-post gender impact assessment” can be defined as:^[6]
  • Assessing individual resource allocations, after their implementation, specifically for their impact on gender equality. For example, once the resources are spent and the program executed, how did a conditional cash transfer program affect the school attendance rate of girls when compared to boys’ attendance rate?
• “The budget as a whole is subject to independent audit, to assess the extent to which it promotes gender-responsive policies” can be defined as:
  • Independent, objective analysis, conducted by a competent authority different from the central budget authority, of the extent to which gender equality is effectively promoted and/or attained through the policies set out in the annual budget.^[7]

For Criterion 3:

• “Published in an accessible manner” can be defined as:
  • Allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment are published on the Ministry of Finance (or office responsible for budget) website and/or related official bulletins or public notices in a way that is clearly signalled and/or made available in hard copies that are distributed to parliamentarians and NGOs.
• “Published in a timely manner” can be defined as:
  • Allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment and/or its exercise are published in the same quarter as when approved/exercised.

Percent (%) (Proportion of countries that have a system in place to track budget allocations to gender equality out of the total number of reporting countries)

An electronic questionnaire composed of thirteen binary questions with accompanying monitoring guidance will be used to collect data on this indicator.

Response to questionnaire completed by the Ministries of Finance—as part of national statistical systems—or Budget Office in coordination with National Statistical Offices and relevant sectoral ministries and national women’s machineries.

The indicator does not measure allocation of resources but the existence of mechanisms to track resource allocations and that make that information available publicly. However, there is an optional question in the questionnaire (not scored) that requests countries to report the percentage of the government budget allocated for gender equality programs.

Another limitation is that the indicator, which is process oriented, does not provide data on the adequacy or quality of resource allocations.

Data is collected via a questionnaire comprising 13 binary (Yes/No) questions to assess whether a country has a system in place to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment.

Scoring:

Each criterion is weighted equally. A country would need to satisfy the threshold of “yes” responses per criterion. A country will be considered to satisfy each criterion as follows:

Countries then will be classified as ‘fully meets requirements’, ‘approaches requirements’, and ‘does not meet requirements’ per the following matrices (There are 8 possible combinations of criteria being satisfied, Cases A-G below):

Note: “Checked” boxes represent satisfied criteria;

“unchecked” boxes represent unsatisfied criteria.

Note: “Checked” boxes represent satisfied criteria;

“unchecked” boxes represent unsatisfied criteria.

Note: “Checked” boxes represent satisfied criteria;

“unchecked” boxes represent unsatisfied criteria.

Because the three criteria are equally important, a country would need to satisfy the three to fully meet requirements.

The method of computation is as follows:

$Indicator\mathrm{\ }5.c.1=\mathrm{\ }\frac{\left(Number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries\mathrm{\ }that\mathrm{\ }\mathit{f}\mathit{u}\mathit{l}\mathit{l}\mathit{y}\mathrm{\ }\mathrm{\ }meet\mathrm{\ }requirements\mathrm{\ }\right)\times 100}{Total\mathrm{\ }number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries}$

Unit:

Percent (%)

Disaggregation:

1. In addition to reporting Indicator 5.c.1 as described above; the following two country classification global proportions will also be reported:

$\frac{\left(Number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries\mathrm{\ }that\mathrm{\ }\mathit{d}\mathit{o}\mathbf{\ }\mathit{n}\mathit{o}\mathit{t}\mathbf{\ }\mathit{m}\mathit{e}\mathit{e}\mathit{t}\mathbf{\ }requirements\mathrm{\ }\right)\times 100}{Total\mathrm{\ }number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries}$

$\frac{\left(Number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries\mathrm{\ }that\mathrm{\ }\mathit{a}\mathit{p}\mathit{p}\mathit{r}\mathit{o}\mathit{a}\mathit{c}\mathit{h}\mathbf{\ }approach\mathrm{\ }requirements\mathrm{\ }\right)\times 100}{Total\mathrm{\ }number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries}$

1. Additional disaggregation by region as follows:

$\frac{\left(Number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries\mathrm{\ }in\mathrm{\ }\mathit{r}\mathit{e}\mathit{g}\mathit{i}\mathit{o}\mathit{n}\mathbf{\ }\mathit{x}\mathbf{\ }with\mathrm{\ }country\mathrm{\ }\mathit{c}\mathit{l}\mathit{a}\mathit{s}\mathit{s}\mathit{i}\mathit{f}\mathit{i}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{t}\mathit{i}\mathit{o}\mathit{n}\mathbf{\ }\mathbf{y}\mathbf{\ }\right)\times 100}{Total\mathrm{\ }number\mathrm{\ }of\mathrm{\ }countries\mathrm{\ }in\mathrm{\ }\mathit{r}\mathit{e}\mathit{g}\mathit{i}\mathit{o}\mathit{n}\mathbf{\ }\mathit{x}}$

Where x refers to the region of analysis and y refers to the country classification based on the questionnaire.

2023-03-31

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) in collaboration with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Not applicable

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